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![]() Some elapid snakes, scorpions, “blister” beetles, millipedes and other arthropods can “spit” or squirt their venoms-a largely defensive ploy. To inject their venoms, venomous snakes and lizards have grooved or cannulated fangs or solid teeth spiders have venom jaws (chelicerae) vampire bats, insectivorous mammals and leeches have solid teeth male monotreme mammals (platypus and echidna) have venomous spurs centipedes have modified legs (maxillipeds, forcipules or prehensors) insects, scorpions, ticks, fish and echinoderms (sea urchins etc.) have rigid, sharpened, barbed stings, spines, or hypostomes echinoderms have venomous grapples (pedicellariae) cnidarians (jellyfish, coelenterates) have stinging hairs (cnidocytes, nematocysts) octopuses (cephalopods mollusks) have venomous beaks and cone shells (gastropod mollusks) impale their prey with a venom-filled radular tooth mounted on a harpoon-like proboscis. Venomous Bites and Stings, and EnvenomingĮnvenoming (American/Australian: “envenomation”), as distinct from poisoning, occurs when venoms secreted by specialized glands are injected through the victim's skin or applied to absorbent mucous membranes.
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